Publications

Hecker K, el Kurdi S, Joshi DD, Stephen C. (In Press) Using network analysis to explore if professional opinions on Japanese Encephalitis risk factors in Nepal reflect a socio-ecological system perspective. Ecohealth

Robertson C, Pant D, Joshi DD, Stephen C. 2013. Comparative spatial dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis and Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Nepal. PLoS ONE 8(7): e66168. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066168

Burns, T, Ribble, C. McLaws, M., Kelton, D. Stephen, C. 2013. Can we increase compliance in reportable animal disease control by better understanding the views of stakeholders? A qualitative investigation of British Columbia backyard flock owners perspectives on bird health and avian influenza. Journal of Risk Research. 16(2): 245-260

Stephen C. 2013. Toward a new definition of animal health: lessons from the Cohen Commission and SPS Agreement. Optimum Online. 43(1) March http://www.optimumonline.ca/article.phtml?id=430.

DeCiccio E, Stephen C, et al. 2013. Scuticociliatid ciliate outbreak in Australian pot-bellied seashores, Hippocampus abdominalis (Lesson, 1827): Clinical signs, histopathological findings and treatment with metronidazole. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine(in press)

Sawford K, Vollman AR, Stephen C . 2012. A Focused Ethnographic Study of Sri Lankan Government Field Veterinarians’ Decision Making about Diagnostic Laboratory Submissions and Perceptions of Surveillance. PLoS ONE 7(10): e48035. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048035

Dhakal S, Stephen C, Ale A, Joshi DD. 2012. Knowledge and Practices of Pig Farmers Regarding Japanese Encephalitis in Kathmandu, Nepal.  Zoonoses and Public Health. 59(8): 568-574

Chapinal N, Elkin B Joly D Schumaker B, Stephen C. 2012. Agreement between the caudal fold test and serological tests for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in bison. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 105:326-330

Valiex S,  Lokugalappati LGS, Abeynayake P, Prasad T, Chandrasiri ADN, Daniel SLA, Stephen C, Leighton T. 2012.  A feasibility study for the establishment of a national wildlife health centre in Sri Lanka. Rev sci tech Off int Epiz. 30(3): 740-753.

Anholt RM, Stephen C, Copes R. 2012. Strategies for collaboration for the interdisciplinary field of emerging zoonotic diseases. Zoonoses and Public Health. 59(4): 229-240

Dissanayake R,  Stephen C, Daniel S, Abeynayake P. 2012. Gap assessment of animal health legislation in Sri Lanka for emerging infectious diseases preparedness . Outlook on Agriculture. 41(3): 203-208

T.E. Burns, C. Ribble, C. Stephen, D. Kelton, L. Toews, J. Osterhold, H. Wheeler, 2012.  Use of Observed Wild Bird Activity on Poultry Farms and a Literature Review to Target Species as High Priority for Avian Influenza Testing in 2 Regions in Canada.  Canadian Veterinary Journal, 53: 153-166.

Pollock S, Stephen C, Skuridina N, Kosatsky T. (2011) Raising Chickens in City Backyards: The Public Health Role. J Community Health. 37(3):734-742

Sawford K, Robertson C, Gunawardena S, Stephen C (2011) Development and Application of a Framework for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence in Lower Resource Settings. J Bioterr Biodef S4:001. doi:10.4172/2157-2526.S4-001

Galanis E, Parmley J, De With N, and the British Columbia Integrated Surveillance of Foodborne Pathogens Working Group. 2011. Integrated surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain using existing data and resources in British Columbia, Canada. Food Research International, 45(2): 795-801 doi:10.1016/j.foodres.201104.015

Burns T, Guerin M, Kelton D, Ribble C, Stephen C. 2011. On-farm study of human contact networks to document potential pathways of avian influenza transmission between commercial poultry farms in Ontario, Canada. Transboundary and Emerging Disease. 58(510-518)

Robertson, C., K. Sawford, S Gunawardena, T. A. Nelson, F Nathoo, C Stephen.2011.  A hidden markov model for analysis of frontline veterinary data for emerging zoonotic disease surveillance. PLoS ONE.  6(9): e24833. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024833

Robertson C, Nelson T, Stephen C. (2011) Spatial epidemiology of suspected clinical leptospirosis in Sri Lanka, Epidemiology and Infection. 140(4):731-43.DOI: 10.1017/S0950268811001014 Published online: 07 June 2011

Duncan C, Bartlett K, Lester S, Bobsien B, Campbell J, Stephen C, Raverty R. 2011. Surveillance of Cryptococcus gatti in horses on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Medical Mycology.  49(7):734-8 Early OnLine 1-5. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13693786.2011.560196

Burns T, Ribble C, Stephen C, Kelton D. (2011). Preliminary investigation of bird and human movement and disease management practices in non-commercial poultry flocks in southwest British Columbia. Avian Diseases. 55(3):350-7.Published Online: May 18, 2011

Dubé C, Ribble C, Kelton D. 2010. An Analysis of the Movement of Dairy Cattle through 2 Large Livestock Markets in the Province of Ontario, Canada.  Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51: 1254-1260.

Dubé C, Ribble C, Kelton D, McNab B. 2011. Estimating Potential Epidemic Size Following Introduction of a Long Incubation Disease in Scale–Free Connected Networks of Milking-Cow Movements in Ontario. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 99: 102-111.

Duncan C, Bartlett K, Lester S, Bobsien B, Campbell J, Stephen C, Raverty R. 2011. Surveillance of Cryptococcus gatti in horses on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Medical Mycology.  Early OnLine 1-5. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13693786.2011.560196

Nogueira Borden L, Adams C, Bonnett B, Shaw J, Ribble C. 2010. Use of the Measure of Patient-Centered Communication to Analyze Euthanasia Discussions in Companion Animal Practice.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 237: 1275-1287.

Robertson C, Nelson T, Stephen C. 2011. Spatial epidemiology of suspected clinical leptospirosis in Sri Lanka. Epidemiology and Infection. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268811001014 Published online: 07 June 2011.

Stephen C. 2011. Personal insights from the 1st International One Health Congress in Melbourne, Feb 2011. National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases Purple Paper. Vol.25. March.

Totton S, Wandeler A, Gartley C, Kachhawaha S, Suman M, Ribble C, Rosatte R, McEwen S. 2010. Assessing Reproductive Patterns and Disorders in Free-ranging Dogs in Jodhpur, India to Optimize a Population Control Program.  Theriogenology, 74: 1115-1120.

Totton S, Wandeler A, Ribble C, Rosatte R, McEwen S. 2011. Stray Dog Population Health in Jodhpur, India in the Wake of an Animal Birth Control (ABC) Program.  Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 98: 215-220.

Totton S, Wandeler A, Zinsstag J, Bauch C, Ribble C, Rosatte R, McEwen S. 2010. Stray Dog Population Demographics in Jodhpur, India Following a Population Control/Rabies Vaccination Program. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 97: 51-57.

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Stephen C, Daibes I. 2010. Defining features of the practice of global health research: an examination of 14 global health research teams. Global Health Action 3: 5188.

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Stephen C, Ninghui L, Zhang L, Yeh. F. Animal health policy principles for highly pathogenic avian infl uenza: Shared experience from China and Canada. Zoonoses and Public Health DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01351.x

Vrbova L, Stephen C, Kasman N, Boehnke R, Doyle-Waters M, ChablittpClark A, Gibson B, Brauer M, Patrick D. 2010. Systematic Review of Surveillance Systems for Emerging Zoonoses. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 57(3): 154-161.

Pollock S, Stephen C. 2010. Why you should get to know your local  veterinarian. BC Medical Journal. 52(1):15.

Tokateloff N, Manning S, Weese S, Campbell J, Rothenburger J, Stephen C, Bastura V, Gow SP, Reid-Smith R. 2009. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Stapylococcus aureus colonization in horses in Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 50(11): 1177-1180.

C.M. Good, M.A. Thorburn, C.S. Ribble, R.M. Stevenson, 2009. Rearing Unit-level Factors Associated with Bacterial Gill Disease Treatment in Two Ontario, Canada Government Salmonid Hatcheries. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 91: 254-260.

Stephen C, DiCicco E, Munk B. 2009. British Columbia’s fi sh health regulatory framework’s contribution to sustainability goals for salmon aquaculture. Ecohealth 5(4):472-81.

Stephen C. 2009. The challenge of integrating ecosystem health throughout a veterinary curriculum. J Veterinary Medical Education. 36(1): 145-151.

Dubé C, Ribble C, Kelton D. An Analysis of the Movement of Dairy Cattle through Two Large Livestock

Markets in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Accepted by the Canadian Veterinary Journal, 16 Dec 2009.

Environmental and Public Health

Population Health of Fish and Wildlife

Summary:  Livestock movements are important in spreading infectious diseases and many countries have developed regulations that require farmers to report livestock movements to authorities. This has led to the availability of large amounts of data for analysis and inclusion in computer simulation models developed to support policy formulation. Social network analysis has become increasingly popular to study and characterize the networks resulting from the movement of livestock from farm-to-farm and through other types of livestock operations.  Network analysis is a powerful tool that allows one to study the relationships created among these operations, providing information on the role that they play in acquiring and spreading infectious diseases, information that is not readily available from more traditional livestock movement studies. Recent advances in the study of real-world complex networks are now being applied to veterinary epidemiology and infectious disease modeling and control.  A review of the principles of network analysis and of the relevance of various complex network theories to infectious disease modeling and control is presented in this paper.

Factors associated with the early detection of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the UK.  McLaws, M., Ribble, C.S., Martin, S.W., Wilesmith, J. (2009). Canadian Veterinary Journal. 50: 53-60.

Abstract: An essential objective of an effective foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) eradication campaign is to shorten the infectious period by rapidly detecting and destroying cases of disease. The purpose of our investigation was to identify factors associated with the early detection of clinical FMD during the 2001 outbreak in the United Kingdom. We performed a logistic regression analysis, using early versus late detection of disease as the outcome of interest.  During the 2001 FMD outbreak in the United Kingdom, infected premises were more likely to be detected early under the following circumstances: 1) cattle (particularly dairy) were infected rather than sheep; 2) a recently confirmed infected premises was within 3 km of the new case; and 3) the case was initially reported by the farmer, rather than a Local Disease Control Centre-initiated surveillance activity (patrol, tracing, pre-emptive cull). Our findings suggest that reporting by farmers and initiatives that increase farmer education and awareness should be encouraged.

Identification, characterization and deduced amino acid sequence of the dominant protease from Kudoa paniformis and Kudoa thyrsites: A unique cytoplasmic cysteine protease. Funk, V.A., Olafson, R.W., Raap, M., Smith, D., Aitken, Haddow, J.D., Wang, D., Dawson-Coates, J.A., Burke, R.D., Miller, K.M. (2008). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 149(3), 477-489.

Abstract: Kudoa paniformis and Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infections are associated with severe proteolysis of host muscle tissue postmortem.  The present study was undertaken to identify and characterize the protease responsible for myoliquefaction and determine mechanisms controlling protease function in vivo. N-terminal sequence analysis of partially purified protease from hake muscle infected with K. paniformis and K. thyrsitesK. paniformis amino acid sequence data, a corresponding cDNA sequence from K. thyrsitesKth-CL). The translated amino acid sequence lacked a signal sequence characteristic of lysosomal and secreted proteins suggesting a unique cytoplasmic location. Only the proenzyme form of Kth-CL was present in Atlantic salmon muscle anti-mortem but this form became processed in vivo when infected muscle was stored at 4 °C. The proenzyme of Kth-CL showed uninhibited activity at pH 6.0, negligible activity at pH 6.5 and no measurable activity at pH 7.0 whilst the processed protease showed stability and function over a broad pH range (pH 4.5–8.8). The pH dependent processing and function of Kth-CL was consistent with histidine residues in the proregion playing a critical role in the regulation of Kth-CL.

Comparing network analysis measures to determine potential epidemic size of highly contagious exotic diseases in fragmented monthly networks of dairy cattle movements in Ontario, Canada.  Dubé, C., Ribble, C., Kelton, D., McNab, B. (2008).  Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 55: 382-392.

Description of recent foot and mouth disease outbreaks in nonendemic areas: Exploring the relationship between early detection and epidemic size. McLaws, M., Ribble, C. (2007).   Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 1051-1062.

Reporting of suspect cases of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the UK, and the herd sensitivity and herd specificity of clinical diagnosis.  McLaws, M., Ribble, C., Stephen, C., McNab, B., Romero Barrios, P. (2007). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 78(1),12-23.

Factors associated with the clinical diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the UK.  McLaws, M., Ribble, C., Martin, W., Stephen, C. (2006). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 77(1-2), 65-81.

Opportunities and obstacles to collecting wildlife disease data for public health purposes: Results of a pilot study on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.  Stitt, T., Mountifield, Stephen, C. (2007).  Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48(1), 83-90.

Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality for Cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats of southwestern British Columbia.  Duncan, C., Stephen, C., Campbell, J. (2006). Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47(10), 993-998.

Cryptococcus gattii in wildlife of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.  Duncan, C., Schwantje, H., Stephen, C.,Campbell, J.,  Bartlett, K. (2006).  Journal of Wildlife Diseases.42(1): 175-8.

What we know: Avian influenza and wild bird populations.  Soos, C. & Parmley, J. (2006).  Conservator, 27(3), 28-33.

Notes on the distribution of mosquitoes on Vancouver Island, British Columbia with emphasis on the potential for West Nile virus transmission.  Stephen, C., Plamondon, N., Belton, P. (2006).  J Am Mosquito Cont Assoc

Environmental & Public Health

The challenge of integrating ecosystem health throughout a veterinary curriculum.  Stephen, C. (2009). Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 36(1): 145-151

Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter, Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolated from retail turkey meat from southern Ontario, Canada.  Cook, A., Reid-Smith, R., Irwin, R., McEwen, S., Valdivieso-Garcia, A., Ribble, C. (2009). Journal of Food Protection, 72(3): 473-481.

High-risk food consumption and food safety practices in a Canadian community.  Nesbitt, A., Majowicz, S., Finley, R., Marshall, B., Pollari, F., Sargeant, J., Ribble, C., Wilson, J., Sittler, N. (2009).   Journal of Food Protection, 72: 2575-2586.

The occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonellae isolated from commercially available canine raw food diets in three Canadian cities.  Finley, R., Reid-Smith, R., Ribble, C., Poppa, M., Vandermeer, J., Aramini, J. (2008). Zoonoses and Public Health, 55: 462-469.

The occurrence and anti-microbial susceptibility of Salmonellae isolated from commercially available pig ear pet treats.  Finley, R., Reid-Smith, R., Ribble, C., Poppa, M., Vandermeer, M., Aramini, J. (2008).  Zoonoses and Public Health, 55: 455-461.

The risk of salmonellae shedding by dogs fed salmonella-contaminated commercial raw food diets.  Finley, R., Ribble, C., Aramini, J., Vandermeer, M., Popa, M., Litman, M., Reid-Smith R. (2007).  Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 69-75.

Obstacles to developing a multinational report card on antimicrobial resistance for Canada. Stephen, C., Parmley, J., Dawson-Coates, J., Fraser, E., Conly, J. (2007). Microbial Drug Resistance. 13(4), 251-260.

Population Health of Fish & Wildlife

British Columbia’s fish health regulatory framework’s contribution to sustainability goals for salmon aquaculture.  Stephen, C., DiCicco, E., Munk, B. (2009).  Ecohealth 5(4):472-81

Epidemiology of an outbreak of chronic wasting disease on elk farms in Saskatchewan.  Argue, C.K., Ribble, C., Lees, V.W., McLane, J., Balachandran, A. (2007).  Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48, 1241-1248.

Case report: clinical and pathologic manifestations of gas bubble disease in captive fish.  Grahn, B.H., Sangster, C., Breaux, C., Stephen, C., Sandmeyer, L. (2007).  Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine,16(2), 104-112.